9384

 

II*  

Designated  

03/12/1951  

10/11/2021  

The Nelson Monument (also known as Paxton's Tower).  

 

Carmarthenshire  

Llanarthney  

Carmarthen  

Middleton  

254097  

219150  

 

On the summit of a high hill 1km SE of Llanarthney village, making an impressive and conspicuous land-mark for miles around.  

Commemorative  

 

The tower was built shortly after 1805 for the owner of Middleton Hall, Sir William Paxton. The architect was Samuel Pepys Cockerell (1753-1827), who had completed the Hall about ten years before. The tower commemorates Nelson's victories, notably Trafalgar, and provides the vantage point for an almost unsurpassed view of the Towy valley. An 1833 description refers to a sumptuous banqueting room, but hospitality may have been impractical as there does not appear to have been any kitchen. There were inscriptions on the three external faces in Lord Nelson's honour in English, Latin and Welsh respectively, and the window facing Carmarthen is said to have been painted with a portrait of the Admiral, none of which survive. Horatio Nelson (1758-1805) is regarded as the greatest figure in the history of the British Royal Navy. In his personal correspondence Nelson described himself as a defender of “our present colonial system”, which in the West Indies was based on slavery. In his early career Nelson fought against the Indian Kingdom of Mysore and the American colonies in the Revolutionary War. His reputation though is based on his role in the Napoleonic Wars, in which notable victories included the Battles of the Nile in 1798, Copenhagen in 1801 and Trafalgar in 1805, in which Nelson's fleet defeated the combined French and Spanish fleets. Nelson lost his life in the fighting at Trafalgar, but the victory ended the threat of an invasion and secured Britain's dominance at sea, as well as Nelson's status as a national hero. Paxton was a friend of Nelson and had benefitted from the latter's decision to rebuild the British fleet at Milford Haven. The inscription read: "To the invincible Commander, Viscount Nelson, in commemoration of the deeds before the walls of Copenhagen, and on the shores of Spain; of the empire everywhere maintained by him over the Seas; and of the death which in the fulness of his own glory, though ultimately for his own country and for Europe, conquering, he died; this tower was erected by William Paxton." It is also said that Sir William, displeased at having lost the County election of 1802 after an expenditure of some £15,000, built the tower with money he had offered his electors during the campaign for a free bridge over the Towy. It was therefore conspicuously sited as a reminder to the electorate of their folly, and not only for the sake of the view. The tower is now in the care of the National Trust, who have restored the roof and the floor of the main room and have installed a steel staircase.  

A folly or monument in military Gothick style consisting of a triangular tower crowned by a smaller hexagonal lookout. At the corners of the triangular tower are tall round turrets. Local rubble masonry, irregularly coursed in the main faces of the triangular tower, but random rubble in the corner turrets and in the upper hexagonal stage. The latter has corbelled crenellated parapets above a string course, and six round-headed windows, now walled up, with simplified Tudor label moulds. The triangular part beneath has deeply corbelled machicolations. Stone inscription panels, now blank. Three-light windows with round-headed lights and simplified Tudor label mouldings; the hooks remain for external shutters. Open two-centred entrance arches on all three sides with chamfers and label moulds. The corner turrets have pseudo-machicolations, slit windows, and the lowest stage of each is hexagonal.  

The transition from triangular to hexagonal plan within the main upper room is achieved by giant arches across two of the points, and a wall across the third; the latter incorporates a small fireplace. The main room and the closets off it formed in the turrets retain considerable traces of plaster, now much eroded down to the render coat. The plaster in the main room is heavily scored with vertical lines suggesting the original décor included wall frescoes in Perpendicular style. Restored floor. Rebates in the rear of the south-west window mullions suggest internal shutters or glazing. Access is by steps from ground level rising towards the south-west turret, where a pointed-arch opening leads to the stairs. Restored with steel anticlockwise spiral stairs within the turret. Marks on the wall show the original stairs spiralled clockwise, and continued up to the lookout stage (now inaccessible).  

Listed at II* for its special architectural interest as a grandly ambitious folly, a robustly detailed example of military Gothick by S.P. Cockerell, a major architect of the early C19. Also of historic interest as a commemoration of a major national figure.  

The Slave Trade and the British Empire: an audit of commemoration in Wales (https://gov.wales/slave-trade-and-british-empire-audit-commemoration-wales), Welsh Government, 2020
Deceit and defamation: The Nelson-Taylor Letter, Brett, C., 2021
The Oxford Companion to British History, Cannon, John (ed.), 1997
S. Lewis, Topographical Dictionary of Wales (1833);,
W Spurrell, Carmarthen and its Neighbourhood (2nd ed. 1879), pp. 95-96;,
'Paxton's Folly' in Y Drych (Chicago, Illinois, Nov. 1984), pp. 1-2;,
Dyfed Archaeological Trust S&M PRN No. 9943.,